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The AI-COLLAR study provides the first comprehensive answers, establishing ",[325,527,528],{},"normal resting heart rate (RHR)"," and ",[325,531,532],{},"respiratory rate (RRR)"," values for dogs in their ",[325,535,536],{},"everyday lives",[538,539,542],"div",{"className":540},[541],"table-scroll-wrapper",[543,544,545,567],"table",{},[546,547,548],"thead",{},[549,550,551,555,558,561,564],"tr",{},[552,553,554],"th",{},"Characteristics",[552,556,557],{},"Sub-groups",[552,559,560],{},"Number of dogs",[552,562,563],{},"Heart rate (bpm)",[552,565,566],{},"Respiratory rate (Brpm)",[568,569,570,597,619,644,665,689,711,732,754,778,800],"tbody",{},[549,571,572,578,581,584,591],{},[573,574,575],"td",{},[325,576,577],{},"Sex",[573,579,580],{},"Male dogs",[573,582,583],{},"314",[573,585,586,587],{},"60.3 ",[588,589,590],"span",{},"54.7–65.2",[573,592,593,594],{},"16.0 ",[588,595,596],{},"13.7–18.4",[549,598,599,601,604,607,613],{},[573,600],{},[573,602,603],{},"Female dogs",[573,605,606],{},"248",[573,608,609,610],{},"60.7 ",[588,611,612],{},"56.2–65.4",[573,614,615,616],{},"16.1 ",[588,617,618],{},"14.0–18.7",[549,620,621,626,629,632,638],{},[573,622,623],{},[325,624,625],{},"Time of measurement",[573,627,628],{},"Nighttime",[573,630,631],{},"533",[573,633,634,635],{},"58.3 ",[588,636,637],{},"53.6–64.2",[573,639,640,641],{},"14.2 ",[588,642,643],{},"12.1–17.0",[549,645,646,648,651,653,659],{},[573,647],{},[573,649,650],{},"Day time",[573,652,631],{},[573,654,655,656],{},"61.3 ",[588,657,658],{},"56.3–66.7",[573,660,661,662],{},"17.4 ",[588,663,664],{},"15.2–19.8",[549,666,667,672,675,678,684],{},[573,668,669],{},[325,670,671],{},"Dog size category",[573,673,674],{},"Large-sized dogs (> 20 kg)",[573,676,677],{},"355",[573,679,680,681],{},"59.5 ",[588,682,683],{},"54.7–63.8",[573,685,686,687],{},"15.6 ",[588,688,596],{},[549,690,691,693,696,699,705],{},[573,692],{},[573,694,695],{},"Small- to medium-sized dogs (≤20 kg)",[573,697,698],{},"207",[573,700,701,702],{},"62.1 ",[588,703,704],{},"56.4–68.1",[573,706,707,708],{},"16.5 ",[588,709,710],{},"14.5–19.0",[549,712,713,715,718,721,726],{},[573,714],{},[573,716,717],{},"Medium to large-sized dogs (>10 kg)",[573,719,720],{},"478",[573,722,680,723],{},[588,724,725],{},"54.6–64.2",[573,727,728,729],{},"15.8 ",[588,730,731],{},"13.7–18.3",[549,733,734,736,739,742,748],{},[573,735],{},[573,737,738],{},"Small-sized dogs (≤10 kg)",[573,740,741],{},"84",[573,743,744,745],{},"65.0 ",[588,746,747],{},"60.9–69.4",[573,749,750,751],{},"17.2 ",[588,752,753],{},"15.0–19.9",[549,755,756,761,764,767,773],{},[573,757,758],{},[325,759,760],{},"Health status",[573,762,763],{},"Apparently healthy dogs",[573,765,766],{},"562",[573,768,769,770],{},"60.5 ",[588,771,772],{},"55.2–65.3",[573,774,615,775],{},[588,776,777],{},"13.8–18.7",[549,779,780,782,785,788,794],{},[573,781],{},[573,783,784],{},"Diseased dogs",[573,786,787],{},"166",[573,789,790,791],{},"65.4 ",[588,792,793],{},"60.0–78.5",[573,795,796,797],{},"17.5 ",[588,798,799],{},"14.6–20.9",[549,801,802,804,807,810,816],{},[573,803],{},[573,805,806],{},"Dogs with heart diseases",[573,808,809],{},"129",[573,811,812,813],{},"67.3 ",[588,814,815],{},"61.0–81.5",[573,817,818,819],{},"18.0 ",[588,820,821],{},"14.9–21.5",[517,823,827,830,833,875,882],{"image":824,"image-alt":825,"image-position":826,":zoomable":519},"\u002Flanding\u002Fai-collar\u002Ffigure_4.webp","Heart rate changes by age","left",[311,828],{"tag":440,"title":829},"How age reshapes vital signs",[316,831,832],{},"Longitudinal tracking highlights distinct profiles in both heart rate and breathing:",[485,834,835,849,862],{},[488,836,837,840,841,844,845,848],{},[325,838,839],{},"Puppies (≤ 12 months)"," drop sharply, with median heart rate falling from ",[325,842,843],{},"78.5 to 59.1 beats per minute",". Respiratory rate also decreases in parallel, from about ",[325,846,847],{},"22.6 to 15.3 breaths per minute",", showing how young dogs quickly settle into calmer physiology.",[488,850,851,854,855,858,859,354],{},[325,852,853],{},"Adults (1–10 years)"," stabilize, with heart rate holding around ",[325,856,857],{},"60 beats per minute"," and respiratory rate near ",[325,860,861],{},"16 breaths per minute",[488,863,864,867,868,871,872,354],{},[325,865,866],{},"Seniors (≥ 10 years)"," show a gentle rise, with heart rate climbing up to ",[325,869,870],{},"68.7 beats per minute"," and respiratory rate also trending upward, reaching ",[325,873,874],{},"17.4 breaths per minute",[316,876,877,878,881],{},"Understanding these ",[325,879,880],{},"age-specific normal heart rate ranges"," lets you flag deviations long before they escalate.",[316,883,884],{},[320,885,515],{},[517,887,891,894,905,911],{"image":888,"image-alt":889,"image-position":890,":zoomable":519},"\u002Flanding\u002Fai-collar\u002Ffigure_6.webp","Day versus night frequency comparison","right",[311,892],{"tag":440,"title":893},"Day vs Night: Understanding the circadian pattern",[316,895,896,897,900,901,904],{},"Continuous monitoring reveals a clear signal: both ",[325,898,899],{},"heart rate and breathing rate fall significantly at night",". This ",[325,902,903],{},"circadian signature"," reflects deep rest and balanced autonomic tone.",[316,906,907,910],{},[325,908,909],{},"Normal heart and respiration rates"," are lower during nighttime sleep compared to daytime resting.",[316,912,913],{},[320,914,515],{},[517,916,919,922,928,964,967],{"image":917,"image-alt":918,"image-position":826,":zoomable":519},"\u002Flanding\u002Fai-collar\u002Ffigure_7.webp","Heart and respiratory rates by weight",[311,920],{"tag":440,"title":921},"Healthy Heart Rate and Respiratory Rate by Weight and Breed",[316,923,924,925,483],{},"Weight class and genetics shape ",[325,926,927],{},"normal heart rate and breathing rate baselines",[485,929,930,940,955],{},[488,931,932,935,936,939],{},[325,933,934],{},"Large dogs (> 20 kg)"," display ",[325,937,938],{},"lower cardiac rate and respiratory rate values"," than smaller companions.",[488,941,942,456,945,529,948,951,952,354],{},[325,943,944],{},"Golden Retrievers",[325,946,947],{},"Australian Shepherds",[325,949,950],{},"Border Collies"," show the lowest ",[325,953,954],{},"normal resting heart rates",[488,956,957,959,960,963],{},[325,958,947],{}," have higher normal breathing rates, while ",[325,961,962],{},"Dobermans"," breathe slower.",[316,965,966],{},"Interpreting an individual dog's rates range requires a reference built on similar weight and breed profiles, which is exactly what the AI-COLLAR dataset provides.",[316,968,969],{},[320,970,515],{},[517,972,975,978,989,996],{"image":973,"image-alt":974,"image-position":890,":zoomable":519},"\u002Flanding\u002Fai-collar\u002Ffigure_8.webp","Monthly variation of vital signs",[311,976],{"tag":440,"title":977},"Seasonal Variations in Normal Rates",[316,979,980,981,984,985,988],{},"In the Northern Hemisphere the ",[325,982,983],{},"heart rate dips across summer"," while the ",[325,986,987],{},"respiratory rate climbs from April and peaks in August",". Thermal panting is a healthy response to hotter days.",[316,990,991,992,995],{},"Knowing these seasonal ",[325,993,994],{},"normal cardiac rate and breathing rate patterns"," prevents false alarms and speeds up intervention when something truly deviates from normal ranges. Our algorithms contextualize each measurement with climate effects.",[316,997,998],{},[320,999,515],{},[1001,1002,1005,1008,1019],"page-key-message",{"image":1003,"image-alt":1004},"\u002Fimg\u002Fdogs\u002Fgolden_sitting_dramaticlight2.webp","normal dog heart rate and respiratory rate values",[311,1006],{"tag":440,"title":1007},"Every Heartbeat Matters",[316,1009,1010,1011,1014,1015,1018],{},"Invoxia Biotracker continuously monitors your dog's ",[325,1012,1013],{},"cardiac health"," - detecting irregular rhythms, tracking respiratory rates, and alerting you to changes that could save their life. ",[325,1016,1017],{},"Peace of mind",", clipped to their collar.",[387,1020,1021],{"url":389,"variant":63},[316,1022,1023],{},"Learn More About the Invoxia Biotracker",[434,1025,1028,1031,1041,1055,1062],{"image":1026,"image-alt":1027,":reverse":519,":tinted":519},"\u002Flanding\u002Fai-collar\u002Ffigure_2.webp","Algorithmic event detection",[311,1029],{"tag":440,"title":1030},"AI-powered early detection",[316,1032,1033,1034,529,1037,1040],{},"Dogs with cardiac conditions exhibit elevated ",[325,1035,1036],{},"resting heart rate (RHR)",[325,1038,1039],{},"Respiration Rate (RRR)"," long before visible symptoms. The Invoxia Biotracker catches those weak signals early.",[485,1042,1043,1049],{},[488,1044,1045,1048],{},[325,1046,1047],{},"120 days"," before pulmonary edema, the algorithm spotted a continuous resting HR rise.",[488,1050,1051,1054],{},[325,1052,1053],{},"129 dogs"," living with heart disease helped build personalized thresholds.",[316,1056,1057,1058,1061],{},"The result? Alerts delivered ",[325,1059,1060],{},"before"," the clinical emergency, giving veterinarians precious time to act.",[316,1063,1064],{},[320,1065,515],{},[434,1067,1070,1073,1083,1099,1106],{"image":1068,"image-alt":1069},"\u002Flanding\u002Fai-collar\u002Ffigure_9.webp","Healthy versus diseased dog comparison",[311,1071],{"tag":440,"title":1072},"When Rates Deviate from Normal",[316,1074,1075,1076,1079,1080,483],{},"We also compared healthy dogs with those diagnosed with ",[325,1077,1078],{},"heart conditions",", and the findings show clear deviations from ",[325,1081,1082],{},"normal heart rate values",[485,1084,1085,1092],{},[488,1086,1087,1088,1091],{},"Dogs with heart disease had ",[325,1089,1090],{},"resting heart rates above normal ranges"," for their age and weight.",[488,1093,1094,1095,1098],{},"Their ",[325,1096,1097],{},"respiratory rates were elevated compared to normal values"," in healthy dogs.",[316,1100,1101,1102,1105],{},"These shifts in vital signs are closely linked to disease and may appear even before visible symptoms. This suggests that ",[325,1103,1104],{},"continuous monitoring of heart rate and breathing rate averages could help spot problems earlier",", enabling veterinarians and dog parents to take action before the condition worsens.",[316,1107,1108],{},[320,1109,515],{},[1111,1112,1116,1119,1130,1149,1152],"page-video-block",{"button-url":389,"poster":1113,"video":1114,"video-alt":1115,"video-position":890},"\u002Fvid\u002Fproducts\u002Fminitailz_turning_withphone.en.webp","\u002Fvid\u002Fproducts\u002Fminitailz_turning_withphone.en.mp4","The Invoxia Biotracker and the Invoxia app",[311,1117],{"tag":440,"title":1118},"How the Invoxia Biotracker GPS for Dogs keeps your dog thriving",[316,1120,1121,1122,1125,1126,1129],{},"The Invoxia Biotracker GPS for Dogs is a ",[325,1123,1124],{},"non-invasive biometric monitor",". Our sensor leverages ",[325,1127,1128],{},"seismocardiography"," to capture micro vibrations on your dog's neck and convert them into reliable cardio-respiratory metrics.",[485,1131,1132,1135,1146],{},[488,1133,1134],{},"Automatic readings whenever your dog is lying calmly.",[488,1136,1137,1138,1141,1142,1145],{},"AI models trained on the largest canine cohort, delivering ",[325,1139,1140],{},"99.6%"," accuracy for HR and ",[325,1143,1144],{},"98.6%"," for RR.",[488,1147,1148],{},"Zero friction: clip the collar and get 24\u002F7 health intelligence.",[316,1150,1151],{},"Your dog keeps its routine; you gain medical-grade visibility in real time.",[356,1153,1154],{"v-slot:button":358},[316,1155,1156],{},"See How the Biotracker Measures It",[517,1158,1161,1164,1174,1177],{"image":1159,"image-alt":1160,"image-position":890,"button-url":395},"\u002Flanding\u002Fai-collar\u002Ffrontiers_home.webp","Cover of the scientific publication",[311,1162],{"tag":440,"title":1163},"Dive deeper with the scientific paper",[316,1165,1166,1167,1169,1170,354],{},"Explore the full methodology and results in ",[320,1168,331],{},": ",[225,1171,1173],{"href":395,"rel":1172},[341],"Resting heart and respiratory rates in dogs in their natural environment: new insights from a long-term, international, prospective study in a cohort of 703 dogs using a biometric device for longitudinal non-invasive cardiorespiratory monitoring",[316,1175,1176],{},"Open-access publishing validates the Invoxia approach and shares this unique knowledge base with the wider veterinary community.",[356,1178,1179],{"v-slot:button":358},[316,1180,1181],{},"Read the full paper",[517,1183,1184,1187,1192,1211],{":tinted":519},[311,1185],{"tag":440,"title":1186},"Scientific references",[1188,1189],"prose-h5",{"tag":1190,"title":1191},"h3","Key reference",[485,1193,1194],{},[488,1195,1196,1199,1200,1202,1203,1205,1206,354],{},[325,1197,1198],{},"Chetboul V, Humbert E, Dougoud L, Lorre G (2025)"," ",[320,1201,1173],{},". ",[320,1204,331],{},", 12:1667355. doi: 10.3389\u002Ffvets.2025.1667355. Licensed under ",[225,1207,1210],{"href":1208,"rel":1209},"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F",[341],"CC BY 4.0",[1212,1213,1214,1218],"details",{},[1215,1216,1217],"summary",{},"Full bibliography (44 references)",[485,1219,1220,1235,1250,1265,1279,1294,1309,1324,1339,1354,1369,1384,1399,1414,1429,1444,1458,1473,1487,1501,1515,1530,1544,1559,1573,1588,1603,1618,1633,1648,1662,1677,1692,1707,1721,1736,1750,1760,1774,1789,1804,1818,1833,1848],{},[488,1221,1222,1225,1226,1229,1230],{},[325,1223,1224],{},"Mfouth Kemajou, P, Mbanya, A, and Coppieters, Y."," Digital approaches in post-COVID healthcare: a systematic review of technological innovations in disease management. ",[320,1227,1228],{},"Biol Methods Protoc."," (2024) 9:bpae070. ",[225,1231,1234],{"href":1232,"rel":1233},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fbiomethods\u002Fbpae070",[341],"doi: 10.1093\u002Fbiomethods\u002Fbpae070",[488,1236,1237,1240,1241,1244,1245],{},[325,1238,1239],{},"Lee, NK, and Kim, JS."," Status and trends of the digital healthcare industry. ",[320,1242,1243],{},"Healthc Inform Res."," (2024) 30:172-83. ",[225,1246,1249],{"href":1247,"rel":1248},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.4258\u002Fhir.2024.30.3.172",[341],"doi: 10.4258\u002Fhir.2024.30.3.172",[488,1251,1252,1255,1256,1259,1260],{},[325,1253,1254],{},"Jensen, MT, Treskes, RW, Caiani, EG, et al."," ESC working group on e-cardiology position paper: use of commercially available wearable technology for heart rate and activity tracking in primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention. ",[320,1257,1258],{},"Eur Heart J Digit Health."," (2021) 2:49-59. ",[225,1261,1264],{"href":1262,"rel":1263},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fehjdh\u002Fztab011",[341],"doi: 10.1093\u002Fehjdh\u002Fztab011",[488,1266,1267,1270,1271,1273,1274],{},[325,1268,1269],{},"Schuuring, MJ, Treskes, RW, Castiello, T, et al."," Digital solutions to optimize guideline-directed medical therapy prescription rates in patients with heart failure. ",[320,1272,1258],{}," (2024) 5:670-82. ",[225,1275,1278],{"href":1276,"rel":1277},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fehjdh\u002Fztae064",[341],"doi: 10.1093\u002Fehjdh\u002Fztae064",[488,1280,1281,1284,1285,1288,1289],{},[325,1282,1283],{},"Bayoumy, K, Gaber, M, Elshafeey, A, et al."," Smart wearable devices in cardiovascular care: where we are and how to move forward. ",[320,1286,1287],{},"Nat Rev Cardiol."," (2021) 18:581-99. ",[225,1290,1293],{"href":1291,"rel":1292},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1038\u002Fs41569-021-00522-7",[341],"doi: 10.1038\u002Fs41569-021-00522-7",[488,1295,1296,1299,1300,1303,1304],{},[325,1297,1298],{},"Hughes, A, Shandhi, MMH, Master, H, Dunn, J, and Brittain, E."," Wearable devices in cardiovascular medicine. ",[320,1301,1302],{},"Circ Res."," (2023) 132:652-70. ",[225,1305,1308],{"href":1306,"rel":1307},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1161\u002FCIRCRESAHA",[341],"doi: 10.1161\u002FCIRCRESAHA",[488,1310,1311,1314,1315,1318,1319],{},[325,1312,1313],{},"Russell, M, Cain, E, Bazzano, L, et al."," Collecting at-home biometric measures for longitudinal research from the i3C: feasibility and acceptability study. ",[320,1316,1317],{},"JMIR Hum Factors."," (2025) 12:e71103. ",[225,1320,1323],{"href":1321,"rel":1322},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2196\u002F71103",[341],"doi: 10.2196\u002F71103",[488,1325,1326,1329,1330,1333,1334],{},[325,1327,1328],{},"Bhaltadak, V, Ghewade, B, and Yelne, S."," A comprehensive review on advancements in wearable technologies: revolutionizing cardiovascular medicine. ",[320,1331,1332],{},"Cureus."," (2024) 16:e61312. ",[225,1335,1338],{"href":1336,"rel":1337},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.7759\u002Fcureus.61312",[341],"doi: 10.7759\u002Fcureus.61312",[488,1340,1341,1344,1345,1348,1349],{},[325,1342,1343],{},"Scholte, NTB, van Ravensberg, AE, Shakoor, A, et al."," A scoping review on advancements in noninvasive wearable technology for heart failure management. ",[320,1346,1347],{},"NPJ Digit Med."," (2024) 7:279. ",[225,1350,1353],{"href":1351,"rel":1352},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1038\u002Fs41746-024-01268-5",[341],"doi: 10.1038\u002Fs41746-024-01268-5",[488,1355,1356,1359,1360,1363,1364],{},[325,1357,1358],{},"Ortmeyer, HK, Robey, L, and McDonald, T."," Combining Actigraph link and PetPace collar data to measure activity, proximity, and physiological responses in freely moving dogs in a natural environment. ",[320,1361,1362],{},"Animals (Basel)."," (2018) 8:230. ",[225,1365,1368],{"href":1366,"rel":1367},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fani8120230",[341],"doi: 10.3390\u002Fani8120230",[488,1370,1371,1374,1375,1378,1379],{},[325,1372,1373],{},"Rowlison de Ortiz, A, Belda, B, Hash, J, et al."," Initial exploration of the discriminatory ability of the PetPace collar to detect differences in activity and physiological variables between healthy and osteoarthritic dogs. ",[320,1376,1377],{},"Front Pain Res (Lausanne)."," (2022) 3:949877. ",[225,1380,1383],{"href":1381,"rel":1382},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpain.2022.949877",[341],"doi: 10.3389\u002Ffpain.2022.949877",[488,1385,1386,1389,1390,1393,1394],{},[325,1387,1388],{},"Belda, B, Enomoto, M, Case, BC, and Lascelles, BDX."," Initial evaluation of PetPace activity monitor. ",[320,1391,1392],{},"Vet J."," (2018) 237:63-8. ",[225,1395,1398],{"href":1396,"rel":1397},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.tvjl.2018.05.011",[341],"doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.tvjl.2018.05.011",[488,1400,1401,1404,1405,1408,1409],{},[325,1402,1403],{},"Gunasekaran, T, and Sanders, RA."," Assessment of heart rate measurements obtained from a smart collar compared to 24-h Holter monitoring in healthy dogs. ",[320,1406,1407],{},"J Vet Cardiol."," (2025) 57:58-64. ",[225,1410,1413],{"href":1411,"rel":1412},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.jvc.2024.11.002",[341],"doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.jvc.2024.11.002",[488,1415,1416,1419,1420,1423,1424],{},[325,1417,1418],{},"Jarkoff, H, Lorre, G, and Humbert, E."," Assessing the accuracy of a smart 2 collar for dogs: predictive performance for heart and breathing rates on a large scale dataset. ",[320,1421,1422],{},"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory."," (2023). ",[225,1425,1428],{"href":1426,"rel":1427},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1101\u002F2023.06.09.544347",[341],"doi: 10.1101\u002F2023.06.09.544347",[488,1430,1431,1434,1435,1438,1439],{},[325,1432,1433],{},"Keene, BW, Atkins, CE, Bonagura, JD, et al."," ACVIM consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs. ",[320,1436,1437],{},"J Vet Intern Med."," (2019) 33:1127-40. ",[225,1440,1443],{"href":1441,"rel":1442},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fjvim.15488",[341],"doi: 10.1111\u002Fjvim.15488",[488,1445,1446,1449,1450,1452,1453],{},[325,1447,1448],{},"Wess, G."," Screening for dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs. ",[320,1451,1407],{}," (2022) 40:51-68. ",[225,1454,1457],{"href":1455,"rel":1456},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.jvc.2021.09.004",[341],"doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.jvc.2021.09.004",[488,1459,1460,1463,1464,1467,1468],{},[325,1461,1462],{},"Schober, KE, Hart, TM, Stern, JA, et al."," Effects of treatment on respiratory rate, serum natriuretic peptide concentration, and doppler echocardiographic indices of left ventricular filling pressure in dogs with congestive heart failure. ",[320,1465,1466],{},"J Am Vet Med Assoc."," (2011) 239:468-79. ",[225,1469,1472],{"href":1470,"rel":1471},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2460\u002Fjavma.239.4.468",[341],"doi: 10.2460\u002Fjavma.239.4.468",[488,1474,1475,1478,1479,1481,1482],{},[325,1476,1477],{},"Porciello, F, Rishniw, M, Ljungvall, I, et al."," Sleeping and resting respiratory rates in dogs and cats with medically-controlled left-sided congestive heart failure. ",[320,1480,1392],{}," (2016) 207:164-8. ",[225,1483,1486],{"href":1484,"rel":1485},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.tvjl.2015.08.017",[341],"doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.tvjl.2015.08.017",[488,1488,1489,1492,1493,1495,1496],{},[325,1490,1491],{},"Boswood, A, Gordon, SG, Haggstrom, J, et al."," Temporal changes in clinical and radiographic variables in dogs with preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease: the EPIC study. ",[320,1494,1437],{}," (2020) 34:1108-18. ",[225,1497,1500],{"href":1498,"rel":1499},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fjvim.15753",[341],"doi: 10.1111\u002Fjvim.15753",[488,1502,1503,1506,1507,1509,1510],{},[325,1504,1505],{},"Reynolds, CA, Brown, DC, Rush, JE, et al."," Prediction of first onset of congestive heart failure in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease: the PREDICT cohort study. ",[320,1508,1407],{}," (2012) 14:193-202. ",[225,1511,1514],{"href":1512,"rel":1513},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.jvc.2012.01.008",[341],"doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.jvc.2012.01.008",[488,1516,1517,1520,1521,1524,1525],{},[325,1518,1519],{},"Hezzell, MJ, Humm, K, Dennis, SG, Agee, L, and Boswood, A."," Relationships between heart rate and age, bodyweight and breed in 10,849 dogs. ",[320,1522,1523],{},"J Small Anim Pract."," (2013) 54:318-24. ",[225,1526,1529],{"href":1527,"rel":1528},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fjsap.12079",[341],"doi: 10.1111\u002Fjsap.12079",[488,1531,1532,1535,1536,1538,1539],{},[325,1533,1534],{},"Ferasin, L, Ferasin, H, and Little, CJ."," Lack of correlation between canine heart rate and body size in veterinary clinical practice. ",[320,1537,1523],{}," (2010) 51:412-8. ",[225,1540,1543],{"href":1541,"rel":1542},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1748-5827.2010.00954.x",[341],"doi: 10.1111\u002Fj.1748-5827.2010.00954.x",[488,1545,1546,1549,1550,1553,1554],{},[325,1547,1548],{},"Lee, PM, and Brown, RHT."," Establishing 24-hour Holter reference intervals for clinically healthy puppies. ",[320,1551,1552],{},"Res Vet Sci."," (2019) 125:253-5. ",[225,1555,1558],{"href":1556,"rel":1557},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.rvsc.2019.07.010",[341],"doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.rvsc.2019.07.010",[488,1560,1561,1564,1565,1567,1568],{},[325,1562,1563],{},"Bodey, AR, and Michell, AR."," Epidemiological study of blood pressure in domestic dogs. ",[320,1566,1523],{}," (1996) 37:116-25. ",[225,1569,1572],{"href":1570,"rel":1571},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1748-5827.1996.tb02358.x",[341],"doi: 10.1111\u002Fj.1748-5827.1996.tb02358.x",[488,1574,1575,1578,1579,1582,1583],{},[325,1576,1577],{},"Montoya Navarrete, AL, Quezada Tristan, T, Lozano Santillan, S, et al."," Effect of age, sex, and body size on the blood biochemistry and physiological constants of dogs. ",[320,1580,1581],{},"BMC Vet Res."," (2021) 17:265. ",[225,1584,1587],{"href":1585,"rel":1586},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002Fs12917-021-02976-w",[341],"doi: 10.1186\u002Fs12917-021-02976-w",[488,1589,1590,1593,1594,1597,1598],{},[325,1591,1592],{},"Geis, WP, Tatooles, CJ, Priola, DV, and Friedman, WF."," Factors influencing neurohumoral control of the heart in the newborn dog. ",[320,1595,1596],{},"Am J Phys."," (1975) 228:1685-9. ",[225,1599,1602],{"href":1600,"rel":1601},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1152\u002Fajplegacy.1975.228.6.1685",[341],"doi: 10.1152\u002Fajplegacy.1975.228.6.1685",[488,1604,1605,1608,1609,1612,1613],{},[325,1606,1607],{},"Hajduczok, G, Chapleau, MW, and Abboud, FM."," Rapid adaptation of central pathways explains the suppressed baroreflex with aging. ",[320,1610,1611],{},"Neurobiol Aging."," (1991) 12:601-4. ",[225,1614,1617],{"href":1615,"rel":1616},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0197-4580(91)90092-x",[341],"doi: 10.1016\u002F0197-4580(91)90092-x",[488,1619,1620,1623,1624,1627,1628],{},[325,1621,1622],{},"Monahan, KD."," Effect of aging on baroreflex function in humans. ",[320,1625,1626],{},"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol."," (2007) 293:R3-R12. ",[225,1629,1632],{"href":1630,"rel":1631},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1152\u002Fajpregu.00031.2007",[341],"doi: 10.1152\u002Fajpregu.00031.2007",[488,1634,1635,1638,1639,1642,1643],{},[325,1636,1637],{},"Randall, OS, Esler, MD, Bulloch, EG, et al."," Relationship of age and blood pressure to baroreflex sensitivity and arterial compliance in man. ",[320,1640,1641],{},"Clin Sci Mol Med Suppl."," (1976) 51:357s-60s. ",[225,1644,1647],{"href":1645,"rel":1646},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1042\u002Fcs051357s",[341],"doi: 10.1042\u002Fcs051357s",[488,1649,1650,1653,1654,1656,1657],{},[325,1651,1652],{},"Rishniw, M, Ljungvall, I, Porciello, F, Haggstrom, J, and Ohad, DG."," Sleeping respiratory rates in apparently healthy adult dogs. ",[320,1655,1552],{}," (2012) 93:965-9. ",[225,1658,1661],{"href":1659,"rel":1660},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.rvsc.2011.12.014",[341],"doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.rvsc.2011.12.014",[488,1663,1664,1667,1668,1671,1672],{},[325,1665,1666],{},"Saikia, D, and Mahanta, B."," Cardiovascular and respiratory physiology in children. ",[320,1669,1670],{},"Indian J Anaesth."," (2019) 63:690-7. ",[225,1673,1676],{"href":1674,"rel":1675},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.4103\u002Fija.IJA_490_19",[341],"doi: 10.4103\u002Fija.IJA_490_19",[488,1678,1679,1682,1683,1686,1687],{},[325,1680,1681],{},"Noujaim, SF, Lucca, E, Munoz, V, et al."," From mouse to whale: a universal scaling relation for the PR interval of the electrocardiogram of mammals. ",[320,1684,1685],{},"Circulation."," (2004) 110:2802-8. ",[225,1688,1691],{"href":1689,"rel":1690},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1161\u002F01.CIR.0000146785.15995.67",[341],"doi: 10.1161\u002F01.CIR.0000146785.15995.67",[488,1693,1694,1697,1698,1701,1702],{},[325,1695,1696],{},"Goldbogen, JA, Cade, DE, Calambokidis, J, et al."," Extreme bradycardia and tachycardia in the world's largest animal. ",[320,1699,1700],{},"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."," (2019) 116:25329-32. ",[225,1703,1706],{"href":1704,"rel":1705},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1073\u002Fpnas.1914273116",[341],"doi: 10.1073\u002Fpnas.1914273116",[488,1708,1709,1712,1713,1715,1716],{},[325,1710,1711],{},"Lamb, AP, Meurs, KM, and Hamlin, RL."," Correlation of heart rate to body weight in apparently normal dogs. ",[320,1714,1407],{}," (2010) 12:107-10. ",[225,1717,1720],{"href":1718,"rel":1719},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.jvc.2010.04.001",[341],"doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.jvc.2010.04.001",[488,1722,1723,1726,1727,1730,1731],{},[325,1724,1725],{},"Hasegawa, M, Sasaki, M, Umemoto, Y, et al."," Exploring sleep heart rate variability: linear, nonlinear, and circadian rhythm perspectives. ",[320,1728,1729],{},"Front Vet Sci."," (2024) 11:1386425. ",[225,1732,1735],{"href":1733,"rel":1734},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3389\u002Ffvets.2024.1386425",[341],"doi: 10.3389\u002Ffvets.2024.1386425",[488,1737,1738,1741,1742,1744,1745],{},[325,1739,1740],{},"Varga, B, Gergely, A, Galambos, A, and Kis, A."," Heart rate and heart rate variability during sleep in family dogs (Canis familiaris). ",[320,1743,1362],{}," (2018) 8:107. ",[225,1746,1749],{"href":1747,"rel":1748},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fani8070107",[341],"doi: 10.3390\u002Fani8070107",[488,1751,1752,1755,1756,1759],{},[325,1753,1754],{},"Noszczyk-Nowak, A, Pasawska, U, and Nicpon, J."," ECG parameters in 24-hour holter monitoring in healthy dogs. ",[320,1757,1758],{},"Bull Vet Inst Pulawy."," (2009) 53:499-502.",[488,1761,1762,1765,1766,1768,1769],{},[325,1763,1764],{},"Ohad, DG, Rishniw, M, Ljungvall, I, Porciello, F, and Haggstrom, J."," Sleeping and resting respiratory rates in dogs with subclinical heart disease. ",[320,1767,1466],{}," (2013) 243:839-43. ",[225,1770,1773],{"href":1771,"rel":1772},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2460\u002Fjavma.243.6.839",[341],"doi: 10.2460\u002Fjavma.243.6.839",[488,1775,1776,1779,1780,1783,1784],{},[325,1777,1778],{},"Goldberg, MB, Langman, VA, and Taylor, CR."," Panting in dogs: paths of air flow in response to heat and exercise. ",[320,1781,1782],{},"Respir Physiol."," (1981) 43:327-38. ",[225,1785,1788],{"href":1786,"rel":1787},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0034-5687(81)90113-4",[341],"doi: 10.1016\u002F0034-5687(81)90113-4",[488,1790,1791,1794,1795,1798,1799],{},[325,1792,1793],{},"Parsons, S, Scott, AR, and Macdonald, IA."," The effect of posture and environmental temperature on cardiovascular reflexes in normal subjects and diabetes mellitus. ",[320,1796,1797],{},"Clin Auton Res."," (1992) 2:147-51. ",[225,1800,1803],{"href":1801,"rel":1802},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002FBF01818954",[341],"doi: 10.1007\u002FBF01818954",[488,1805,1806,1809,1810,1812,1813],{},[325,1807,1808],{},"Mavropoulou, A, Oliveira, P, and Willis, R."," Holter monitoring in dogs: 24 h vs. 48 h. ",[320,1811,1392],{}," (2021) 272:105628. ",[225,1814,1817],{"href":1815,"rel":1816},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.tvjl.2021.105628",[341],"doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.tvjl.2021.105628",[488,1819,1820,1823,1824,1827,1828],{},[325,1821,1822],{},"Calvert, CA."," Heart rate variability. ",[320,1825,1826],{},"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract."," (1998) 28:1409-27. ",[225,1829,1832],{"href":1830,"rel":1831},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fs0195-5616(98)50129-5",[341],"doi: 10.1016\u002Fs0195-5616(98)50129-5",[488,1834,1835,1838,1839,1842,1843],{},[325,1836,1837],{},"Petrie, JP."," Practical application of holter monitoring in dogs and cats. ",[320,1840,1841],{},"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract."," (2005) 20:173-81. ",[225,1844,1847],{"href":1845,"rel":1846},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1053\u002Fj.ctsap.2005.05.006",[341],"doi: 10.1053\u002Fj.ctsap.2005.05.006",[488,1849,1850,1852,1853,1855,1856],{},[325,1851,1403],{}," Determining the optimal Holter monitoring duration for detecting ventricular arrhythmia in dogs: a Bayesian approach. ",[320,1854,1407],{}," (2025) 60:14-22. ",[225,1857,1860],{"href":1858,"rel":1859},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.jvc.2025.05.003",[341],"doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.jvc.2025.05.003",[1862,1863,1865,1873,1878,1893,1907,1917,1927],"page-faq",{"contact-url":1864},"$locale\u002Fchatbot",[356,1866,1867,1870],{"v-slot:title":358},[1188,1868],{"tag":440,"title":1869,":dark":519},"FAQ: normal heart and respiratory rates in dogs",[316,1871,1872],{},"The questions dog parents and vets ask us most about the AI-COLLAR reference values.",[356,1874,1875],{"v-slot:contact-button":358},[316,1876,1877],{},"Contact us",[1879,1880,1881,1886],"page-faq-item",{},[356,1882,1883],{"v-slot:title":358},[316,1884,1885],{},"What is a normal resting heart rate for a dog?",[316,1887,1888,1889,1892],{},"In the AI-COLLAR cohort, apparently healthy dogs rest at a median of ",[325,1890,1891],{},"60.5 beats per minute"," (interquartile range 55.2-65.3). Size matters: dogs of 10 kg or less sit at 65.0 bpm, dogs above 20 kg at 59.5 bpm. Puppies start near 78.5 bpm and settle around 59 bpm by their first birthday, while dogs aged 10 and over climb back up to about 68.7 bpm.",[1879,1894,1895,1900],{},[356,1896,1897],{"v-slot:title":358},[316,1898,1899],{},"What is a normal resting respiratory rate for a dog?",[316,1901,1902,1903,1906],{},"The same cohort breathes at a median of ",[325,1904,1905],{},"16.1 breaths per minute"," (13.8-18.7) at rest, and clearly slower at night (14.2) than during the day (17.4). Dogs of 10 kg or less breathe a little faster, at 17.2. A resting or sleeping rate that stays above 30 breaths per minute is the threshold veterinary cardiologists treat as a warning sign: call your vet.",[1879,1908,1909,1914],{},[356,1910,1911],{"v-slot:title":358},[316,1912,1913],{},"How were these reference values measured?",[316,1915,1916],{},"703 apparently healthy dogs of 113 breeds, in 29 countries, wore an Invoxia Biotracker in their everyday environment for a median of 189 days. Heart rate and respiratory rate are measured automatically during rest periods, day and night, far from the stress of a consulting room, which is why they sit below the values usually recorded at the clinic. The device is accurate to 99.6% on heart rate and 98.6% on respiration.",[1879,1918,1919,1924],{},[356,1920,1921],{"v-slot:title":358},[316,1922,1923],{},"Do these rates change with age, time of day and season?",[316,1925,1926],{},"All three. Both rates drop steeply over the first year, stay flat through adulthood, around 60 beats and 16 breaths per minute, then rise again in senior dogs. Both are significantly lower at night than during the day. And in the Northern Hemisphere the heart rate dips across summer while the respiratory rate climbs from April to a peak in August, when dogs pant to cool down. Knowing those patterns is what separates a real anomaly from a hot afternoon.",[1879,1928,1929,1934],{},[356,1930,1931],{"v-slot:title":358},[316,1932,1933],{},"Where can I read the full study?",[316,1935,1936,1937,1939],{},"The paper was published open access in ",[320,1938,331],{}," on 15 September 2025 (DOI 10.3389\u002Ffvets.2025.1667355), co-authored with Professor Valérie Chetboul of the École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort. The full text and every figure reproduced on this page are free to read.",[517,1941,1942,1945,1948,1951],{"button-url":389},[311,1943],{"tag":440,"title":1944},"From the study to your dog's collar",[316,1946,1947],{},"Just like connected devices are transforming human medicine, this study shows how predictive veterinary care becomes possible: individualized monitoring, early alerts, and scalable real-world data to protect every dog.",[316,1949,1950],{},"Thank you to the dedicated dog parents whose commitment made AI-COLLAR possible. The technology that built this baseline now watches over your own dog, day after day.",[356,1952,1953],{"v-slot:button":358},[316,1954,392],{},{"title":358,"searchDepth":1956,"depth":1956,"links":1957},2,[],"Normal heart and respiratory rate values for dogs by age, weight and breed: the first reference baseline from the AI-COLLAR study of 703 healthy dogs.",null,false,"md",{},"\u002Fimages\u002Fsocial-preview\u002Flanding-ai-collar.jpg","\u002Flocale\u002Fen\u002Fpages\u002Flanding\u002Fai-collar",{"name":1966,"authors":1967,"publication":331,"datePublished":1972,"doi":1973,"url":395},"Resting heArt and respIratory rates in dogs in their natural environment: new insights from a long-term, international, prospective study in a COhort of 703 dogs using a biometric device for LongitudinaL non-invasive cARdiorespiratory monitoring (the AI-COLLAR study)",[1968,1969,1970,1971],"Valérie Chetboul","Eric Humbert","Louis Dougoud","Guillaume Lorre","2025-09-15","10.3389\u002Ffvets.2025.1667355",{"title":293,"description":1958},{"loc":1964,"lastmod":1976},"2026-09-18","locale\u002Fen\u002Fpages\u002Flanding\u002Fai-collar","T26CA_VJI7RfkcfeEvpHcFRqX1Z3_tFIy8jh3Q3Whvk",1790158297744]